Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay

Civil liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror have been the forefront of Congress since 2001 with the terrorist attack against The United States. Although there have been many attacks before, none have hit the American people in such a manner to question whether our civil liberties are at stake. As a member of the Armed Forces I swore to support and defend the constitution of the United States against all enemies both foreign and domestic at all cost. A sense of pride, loyalty and commitment engulfs me when I hear the words for equal justice and liberty for all when it comes to erving my country that practices and honors American citizen’s civil liberties. Unfortunately, the liberties that most Americans take for granted; are the same liberties that other people from different realms of the world come to obtain. The War on Terror would impact lives deeply from this point on and the civil liberties of every American citizen and noncitizen would change the history of what we were founded on. Former President George W. Bush and his administration set out to capture those thought to be responsible for the terrorist attacks on American soil. In addition Former President Bush and his administration went to great lengths to go beyond the reach of the judicial system which enforces the writ of Habeas Corpus. These actions have been highly debated across the nation. Habeas Corpus original meaning can be best defined as a demand by the courts to which a government agency produces a prisoner and demonstrates that they have the proper grounds in which to hold them. â€Å"It is the process by which Common Law countries ensure the second freedom mentioned in the U. S. Declaration of Independence Liberty and the right not to be imprisoned arbitrarily in its most fundamental form† (MacMillan, K, 2010). Habeas Corpus was written into the first article of the constitution reading as such: â€Å"The privilege of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. â€Å"(Article 1, Section 9, U. S. Constitution). Furthermore, the Habeas Corpus in the U. S. Constitution guarantees the people the right to require the government to justify detaining or imprisoning, the right not to be outlawed without fair trial, freedom from laws passed after fact. So the questions to ponder about re: Did the tragedy of September 11th, justify the actions of the Former President? Is it fair that prisoners were and still are locked away, and stripped of their basic rights under the writ of Habeas Corpus? And is the â€Å"Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave† such a great nation, that is so powerful that the laws that were put in place to protect civil freedoms and liberties, do not apply to us? Jonathan Turley, professor of constitutional law at George Washington University stated, â€Å"What, really, a time of shame this is for the American system. What the Congress did and what he president signed today essentially revokes over 200 years of American principles and values. † I agree whole heartedly about this comment. The President’s decision to deny the detainees Prisoner of War (POW) status remains a point of conflict, especially overseas with some arguing that it is based on an inaccurate interpretation of the Geneva Convention for the Treatment of Prisoners of War, which the assert requires that all combatants captured on the battlefield are entitled to be treated as POWs until an independent tribunal has determined otherwise. One notable date in military history is on October 17, 2006, when President Bush igned a law suspending the right of habeas corpus to persons â€Å"determined by the United States† to be an â€Å"enemy combatant† in the Global War on Terror. President Bush’s action drew severe criticism, mainly for the law’s failure to specifically designate who in the United States will determine who is and who is not an enemy combatant. This however was not the first time in the history of the U. S. Constitution that it’s guaranteed right to Ha beas Corpus has been suspended by an action of the President of the United States. In earlier years of the U. S. Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus. Both presidents based their action on the dangers of war, and both presidents faced sharp criticism for carrying out what many believed to be an attack on the Constitution. President Bush suspended writs of habeas corpus through his support and signed into law the Military Commissions Act of 2006. This bill granted the President of the United States almost unlimited authority in establishing and conducting military commissions to try persons held by the U. S. in the Global War on Terrorism. In addition, the Act suspends the right of â€Å"unlawful enemy combatants† to present, or to have presented in heir behalf, writs of habeas corpus. â€Å"Members of volunteer corps, militias, and organized resistance forces that are not part of the Armed Forces are entitled to POW status if they meet the criteria specified in the treaty. Groups that do not meet the standards are not entitled to POW status, and their members who commit aggressive acts may be treated as civilians under the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War†( Terrorism, the Laws of War, and the Constitution Policy Archive ). These â€Å"unlawful combatants† are not afforded immunity for their ostile acts. [A petitioner must be treated as a prisoner of war until a competent tribunal has decided otherwise, and that a military commission may not proceed with their trial. Although 250 detainees (including three children under the age of 16), 13 have been released from the detention facilities at the U. S. Naval Station in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and some detainees are being rewarded for cooperation with better living conditions while the status and treatment of detainees who remain in custody continue to be a source of contention] (â€Å"Enemy Combatants† Journal, Wuerth). Although the President has inherent power under the Commander-in-Chief Clause Article II to take measures he deems appropriate during wartime, he uses The law of war principle. President Bush as well as past presidents having been using this to detain, convict or, â€Å"(We understand Congress’ grant of authority for the use of ‘necessary and appropriate force’ to include the authority to detain for the duration of the relevant conflict, and our understanding is based on longstanding law of war principles. â€Å"); id. at 548-49 (Souter, J. ) Combat Status Review Tribunals (CSRT), which were established by the Defense Department, were put into place for the sole purpose of hearing the cases of the detainees. However, there are many flaws in having such a system determine the legality of one’s detention. The Supreme Court recognizes that the CSRT process for hearing cases puts many â€Å"constraints upon the detainee’s ability to rebut the factual basis for the Government’s assertion that he is an enemy combatant† (Boumediene v. Bush). Some flaws the court points out is that the CSRT assumes that the detainees are guilty before the trial has even started and it is all up to the detainee to prove that they are in fact, not enemy combatants. This goes against the typical US court proceedings when all suspects are presumed innocent until proven otherwise. The bias shown by the members of the CSRT puts the detainees at a disadvantage. Furthermore, while many of the detainees have a limited knowledge of English, they are not given the specifics as to what crimes they are being charged with because the information may be classified. Additionally, with no textual evidence, the detainees often go into the CSRT board empty handed and without legal representation. Not only do the proceedings of the CSRT seem nfair, it also seems to be designed to intentionally make it difficult for detainees to secure their freedom. In closing, the Founding Fathers placed the Suspension Clause in Article 1, Section 9 in the Constitution. This is important because if the founding fathers specifically intended to apply the Suspension Clause to US citizens only, then they would have placed it in the Bill of Rights which are specifically reserved for the people to protect them against the government. Furthermore, the rest of the clauses in Article 1, Section 9 specifically state what types of activities that the Legislative Branch cannot do. Hence, the Suspension Clause, because of its placement, was intended to be a limitation upon the abuse of power by the Legislative Branch. Lastly, the principle of separation of powers came from the idea that each branch would be able to check one another (Checks and Balances). The Military Commissions Act (MCA) of 2006 was an amendment to the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA) which did not allow the Federal Courts to hear writs of habeas corpus from the detainees at Guantanamo Bay. The US Supreme Court decided that because the DTA was an inadequate substitution for habeas corpus, then the MCA annot strip away Federal courts jurisdiction to hear habeas corpus cases. The Military Commission Act of 2006 effectively stops the Judiciary Branch from doing its job therefore making the act or Bill unconstitutional. . So as I read and watch videos to acquire information I ask myself, Are not constitutionally correct? Detainees, Enemy Combatants, or POW should have the same fair and equal treatment whether it is on our soil or their soil. Presidential power, Congress and the Supreme Court should not rule on emotions, but on the principles that guide us as the â€Å"Greatest and most Powerful Nation in the world.

Disney: The Decision

Eisner and some of the executives were very interested in expanding and building a new theme park. When they were attending a meeting in Virginia, they were impressed by the post war restoration. The idea of building a theme park with American history as the main idea came to Eisner at that time. The idea became a plan and soon the executives of Disney found suitable land that was affordable with all amenities. An international airport was nearby; the land would not create any environmental issues. It was also near an interstate highway. The politicians of the state were also for development and growth.The land identified with all these benefits was in Prince William County in the heart of Virginia’s Piedmont region. What Eisner may not have known at that time was that the Piedmont region was home to some of Americas most influential and wealthy people. The region had also fought off several developmental projects from that area. Once the announcement was made by Disney about the building of the theme park, opposition started rising from most of the wealthiest people from the region. There was also opposition from various organizations like The Piedmont Environmental Council.Why Disney America was never built The various organizations started mounting negative publicity against Disney. Disney being an image conscious company was put in a dilemma. Eisner was of the view that the project had to go on. He was also supported by the Virginia’s Governor George Allen. In spite of various campaigns by Eisner, the opposition kept mounting against the project with historians and journalists joining the bandwagon against Disney. All the opposition finally caught up with Eisner who decided that continuing with the project was not worth it.The decision was made because Eisner knew that if the park was opened in spite of the opposition, after it was opened, it could lead to further trouble, especially from the historians. The need for focusing on the other proj ects and the risk to Disney’s reputation were the most important aspects that made Eisner decide not to go ahead with the project. Eisner decided that deciding not to go ahead with the project was the best option under the circumstances. If he had continued with the project, there could have been opposition from Historians who were already campaigning against the project.If Disney had to concentrate all its efforts on the Disney America project then there was a risk of losing focus on its other business concerns. There was also the risk of losing the reputation of Disney that had been built for years. These were the main reasons for ending the project, but the other reasons were because of the problems in the management of Disney where one key executive had died and another had resigned. There were also rumors that there was a leadership crisis in Disney. All these reasons made Eisner deciding against continuing the project.The best choice under the circumstances This was als o the best choice that Eisner had. The project seems to have become a personal ambition for him. He had made remarks in a press release that would not have benefited the company. He also took it upon himself to go ahead with the project. This led to irrational thinking. Monitoring various projects would have actually become difficult if the company had so many hurdles in just a single project. The situation for the Disney company at that time was not good with the EuroDisney making a huge loss and the number of visitors dropping.Fighting a legal battle with the opponents of the park in Piedmont would have drained the resources of the company financially. There is evidence to suggest that Historians would have found fault with the many historical scenes depicted in the theme park, if it had been built. The Piedmont community and the environmentalists were also preparing for a legal battle with monetary contributions pouring in. This would have led to a long legal battle if the park h ad been built. So it was best in the interests of the company that Eisner decided not to go ahead with the building of the Disney America theme park.

Press Release Essay

LOUISIANA- Amnesty International has called for the release of Louisiana inmate and Angola 3 member Albert Woodfox after a federal appeals court ruled on Thursday (Nov. 20) in Woodfox’s favor. The major human right organization, stated in a press release Friday (Nov. 21) that Woodfox spending over forty years in solitary confinement, â€Å"raises serious human rights concerns.† The decision from the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a district judge’s ruling that overturned Woodfox’s conviction of murder in 1972 of an Angola guard. According to court documents, a three judge panel all agreed that Woodfox did not receive a fair trial in 1998 when his case was tried a second time do to racial discrimination in the selection of a grand jury foreperson. â€Å"It is time for Albert Woodfox to walk free, and it is unconscionable to hold him for a single day longer, â€Å"said Jasmine Heiss, Senior Campaiger at Amnesty International USA. â€Å"The Fifth Circuit’s ruling in Albert’s favor only adds more weight to our call on the State of Louisiana to stop standing in the way of Albert Woodfox’s freedom.† According to Louisiana Attorney General Buddy Caldwell, his office plans to put up a fight to prevent Woodfox from being released. Caldwell statement below: â€Å"While we are still reviewing the 5th Circuit’s opinion to determine the appropriate action, the important thing to note is that this decision in no way exonerates Albert Woodfox in the brutal 1972 murder of Angola  Correctional Officer Brent Miller. The Appeals Court decision focused on a technicality with the grand jury selection process from as far back as 30 years ago. No court decision, including this one, has ever made a finding which disputes the fact that Albert Woodfox murdered Brent Miller at Angola in 1972. Those facts will always remain true. We respectfully disagree with the Court’s ruling, and remain committed to seeing that the trial jury’s judgment finding Albert Woodfox guilty of murdering Officer Brent Miller is upheld.† Woodfox 67, is the only member of the Angola 3 still behind bars. Angola 3 was derive from a group of supporters who believed that Woodfox and two other prisoners were wrongfully convicted of prison murders for the sole purpose of silencing their activism. The International Coalition to Free the Angola Three is convinced that the men were targeted due to their formation of the Black Panther Party chapter inside the prison. References www.amnestyinternational.com Retrieved on November 22, 2014 www.nola.com Retrieved on November 22,2014

Cultural and Historical Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cultural and Historical Studies - Essay Example However, fashion is to a greater extent a term that refers further than the clothing aspect. As Kratz et al (1998) suggest, fashion can be broadly defined as a cultural phenomenon since it is concerned with different meanings and symbols. It is thus a mode of instant and direct visual communication. They contend that fashion can be broadly used to refer to other aspects such as hair styles, accessories make up and can also include other items that do not have anything at all to do with clothing (1998, p. 195). Therefore, there are a lot of assumptions that can be made about an individual through the mere observation of the dress they are wearing. These include the part of the continent that they are likely to be coming from, the kind of job that they are likely to hold, or even their economic position. However, an important question is still raised as to whether we as the audience are able to make a true assumption of the true character of an individual simply by looking at what they wear. In general, however, fashion is mostly about identity, which is used to define the self as Roche (2000, p. 123) describes it as the â€Å"most talkative of all social facts†. On the other hand, identity can be defined as a way through which individuals can represent themselves in a social manner. It is this that mediates the relationship between the individual and the social world within which he lives. There are a number of reasons that push an individual to want to express their identity. These mainly revolve around issues that are related to the social status, the economic class, gender, age, race, ethnicity, religious condition, recreation, sexual orientation and individualism. When fashion is applied in a creative way, individuals are able to confirm or reject most of these aspects about identity and fashion (Barker 2000, p. 58).

Camping in the Deep Woods to Sleeping in a Motel Essay

Camping in the Deep Woods to Sleeping in a Motel - Essay Example Now keeping your daily life in mind if given a chance to spend a vacation either camping in the forest or a trip around the city with getting yourself a room booked in a perfect motel, what will you choose? Now, this is a question of choice rather than comfort. Some might say that there is no point in putting yourself in danger and camping in woods when one has a decent option of living comfortably in a motel while others might say that there is nothing new in getting yourself a room in a hotel why not try something different and adventurous. So it really depends on person to person that what choice they make but everything comes with a price and so does each of them. Both the options have their pros and cons, which are discussed in the following paragraphs. Camping in the deep woods might sound very interesting and adventurous but it is not a very practical idea especially if one is with his/her family. First of all, you need to have all the required equipment for it and mind it that such equipment is not that cheap so a person who thinks about camping once in his life he may think that there is no point in wasting money in buying such stuff which will not be used that often. Moreover, if a person does have the camps and everything then they should be experienced enough to know how to make it stand so it does not fall off by the gist of wind! Sometimes you do need professional help in such kind of activity and if you are going on a holiday where you have a tight budget then you cannot afford to hire expert help. Compared to this, living in a motel can be simple but not necessarily cheap (depending on the standard of the motel) because they're all you have to do is get yourself a room and pay for it.

Strategy Methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategy Methodology - Essay Example Another area of functionality involves the organization i.e. the structure of the organization, budget and human resources. Other functional areas include operations, logistics and projects. Overall the IT strategy is composed of the infrastructure, applications and services to be supported by IT in the organization. As such the strategy is bound to be affected by many factors and more especially economic ones which are to be considered with a lot of care at the management levels. It can be costly and budget intensive but in the ultimate deployment of information technologies enhances communication both internally and externally. It also enhances management and coordination of departments in the organization at a reduced cost. It is therefore very important to note that there exists a positive relationship between use of internet & intranets in organizations and profitability. IT encourages innovation and a decision making model which is more autonomous hence positively impacting on the profitability of the organization. Economic factors therefore surely have a profound impact on IT strategy decisions at organizational levels and no organization will afford to ignore IT going forward in the business world. 1. Torben Juul Anderson. (2001). Information Technology, Strategic Decision Making Approaches and Organizational Performance in Different Industrial Settings. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 10 (2001)

Anti-federalist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anti-federalist - Essay Example The strong belief of anti-federalists to have an independent, sovereign government for each state laid the basis for opposing ratification of US constitution. The anti-federalists who regarded constitution as untried were skeptical of its ability to form the finest form of government. They claimed it to be silliness to substitute the existing form of government with an entirely new document. Anti-federalists argued that constitution characterized twin evils of monarchy and aristocracy rather than the democratic goals of American Revolution. The most significant reason for the opposition against the ratification of constitution was the fear of provision for president’s supreme power. Limited restrictions on authority of national government over the states were claimed by anti-federalists and they stressed on an authority equal to states rather than a greater one. They claimed the emergence of congress as aristocratic in nature as president was supposed to be given much power by the constitution. Members of anti-federalist group doubted the effectiveness of national government in controlling a vast country like the United States. They sorted out several problems in constitution such as insufficient representation scheme and argued that constitution would put an end to self rule in the states.

How will The London 2012 Olympic Games affect the U.K. economy Essay

How will The London 2012 Olympic Games affect the U.K. economy - Essay Example The United Kingdom economy has been among the best performing economies in the world for a long time. During the period that lasted from 1990 to 2008, the U.K. economy comfortably managed a 2.3% GDP growth factor. However, in recent times, the economic state of the United Kingdom has been performing poorly (House of Commons, 2009:33). This has elicited doubt among critics that the economy may be taking a down ward turn, and that the United Kingdom may be facing imminent recession. Recent research has revealed that the United Kingdom did not manage to gain substantial growth in 2011. Records collected from the research show that the U.K. financial system only managed a skimpy 0.8% development in 2011. In calculation, the main reason behind the growth was the 0.2% plunge that happened towards the end of the year (Fussey, 2011: 79). This has driven researchers to scheme a very small band of escalation to happen in 2012, amounting to about 0.4%. The analysts forecast that the financial s ystem will undergo a double decline before it starts budding back to its former circumstances. However, the wealth faces a latent growth aid in the form of the 2012 Olympics. London is set to host the 2012 Olympic Games, an event that possesses the potential to favor the U.K. economy greatly, and on an optimistic note in terms of direct and indirect revenue (House of Commons, 2009:47).... The battle took place at the crest of a mountain that shadowed a gorge in the southwestern region of Greece. Zeus managed to conquer over his father in the battle. As a result, the Greece citizens put up a shrine and built an enormous statuette in the gorge in a bid o honor him. The name of the gorge was Olympia. Soon after, the citizens began conducting religious ceremonies with the main agenda being the reverent worship and adoration of Zeus. This was in an attempt to try to gain Zeus’ famed strength and athletic capabilities. Folklore has it that these ceremonies led to the idea of starting the Olympic Games. Though the actual date when the first Olympic event took place is still in doubt, the first recorded event took place in 776 BC. The games consisted of only one occasion, the 190-meter race, which a chef, Coroebus, won. This marked the initial Olympiad. The Olympiad was the name given to the four-year duration by which the Greek citizens traced their history (Guttman, 2003:198). As time went by, athletic contests gained so much significance to the Greek people that the occasions now tended to influence a peaceful nature on the military states. For example, Sparta was famous for its strict military rule and intensive battle training of its population. It reached a point where the Sparta administration would patiently wait for the successful completion of the games’ events before engaging in battle with rival states. Soon after, other cities imitated this unwritten rule. The initial consecutive thirteen games offered only one event, which was the one-stade run (Young, 2004:129). However, as time passed, the then administration gradually

Piezometers( to measure the water table to monitoring landslide) Essay

Piezometers( to measure the water table to monitoring landslide) - Essay Example Appropriate design of drainage system is possible only if the water flow pattern within the rock mass is understood; and for this purpose, the measurement of hydraulic conductivity and water pressure are carried out. Piezometers are used for measuring water pressure within a slope in order to control the stability of the slope by drainage. Piezometers are devices that are sealed within the ground, generally in boreholes. They respond only to ground water pressure in the immediate vicinity and not to ground water pressure at other locations. Piezometers can also be used to measure the in situ hydraulic conductivity of rock masses, using variable head tests (Wyllie et al, 2004: 120). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of piezometers in preventing landslides, identify the different types of piezometers, examine the advantages and disadvantages of each type of piezometer, compare the type of soil that they can be used in, and their applications. Piezometers measure groundwater pressures, which is useful for â€Å"effective stress stability analyses of landslides and to observe the variation of pore pressure vertically in the landslide† (Cornforth, 2005: 82). Certain factors have to be taken into consideration when planning a piezometer installation to measure water pressures in a rock slope. It is important that the drill hole should intersect the discontinuities in which the ground water is likely to be flowing. For example, the hole should intersect the persistent beds in sedimentary rock which has low persistence joints. Zones of fractured or sheared rock should be located for positioning the completion zone of the piezometer, since ground water flow would be more concentrated in these areas. The length of the completion zone in rock is usually longer than in soil, because of the requirement to intersect discontinuities. Fault zones are geological features; if they contain crushed rock

Mulholland drive Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mulholland drive - Movie Review Example thor that the reader will gain a more informed and realistic understanding of the mechanisms through which film the noir is presented; even within current film that has seemingly long forgotten the impact for importance of such a genre. Even though the film in question is one that is relatively new, it exhibits many of the same historical realities that early film noir helped to illustrate; thereby making it worth reviewing and understanding to a more full and complete degree. Firstly, and perhaps most importantly, Mulholland Drive presents the viewer with a strong and dynamic fin that fit all; within the character of Naomi Watts. The seething, dark, mysterious, and partially â€Å"unknowable† character that is presented to the viewer defines this film perhaps more than any other aspect that will be discussed within this brief analysis. Although it is true that strong and dynamic female leads exist in a litany of different films, the way in which Naomi Watts’ character is portrayed is specifically done as a matter of evoking an understanding of the dynamic femme fatale that was so prevalent and widely used during the heyday of the film noir era. Further, the heavy use of flashbacks and the narrated storyline that is presented at various stages throughout the film, not only helps to further the film noir aspects of Mulholland Drive, it also reinforces the Expressionism that is seen throughout the various points of the movie. Whereas many of the critics panned this particular movie due to the fact that it was too much a deviation from standard filmmaking, what they were noticing was the fact that the Expressionism used within the film was so strong and evocative that it helped to craft the story and build the suspense. A common core element of early film noir was the level and extent to which German Expressionism was referenced with regards to the development of the plot or the individual scene composition; as such, Mulholland Drive does not disappoint with

Histone Deacetylase Sirtuin 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Histone Deacetylase Sirtuin 1 - Essay Example A comparison was then made of the methylated genes at different stages for their commonality and uniqueness in order to find the pattern across the stages of LUAD. Validation and ranking of the patterns for their significance were made using literature evidence. Consequently, the ranked patterns were later analyzed as potential targets of LUAD. Limitations of the study were also identified including lack of laboratory validation of identified targets and availability of information on TCGA. A number of results were obtained through table analysis. After the assessment, it was observed that the highest number of significant DNA methylated genes were found in stage III and the least in stage I. Upon reviewing the table which listed the common significant DNA methylated genes across and between stages it was found that sampled 10 genes it was found that the three most hypermethylated genes were found to be in stage III. The rest of the genes that were hypomethylated were distributed acr oss stage II and I, with the least hypomethylated in stage I. The above hypermethylated and hypomethylated genes were further analyzed with respect to their methylation inside and outside of the CpG islands. â€Å"It was identified that hypermethylated genes in Stages I and III and hypomethylated genes in Stage II were mostly identified in TRUE CpG sites† ( Yang et. al. 37256). When network construction and analysis was done it was found that a greater degree of interaction existed within the significant DNA methylated genes.

Computer Addiction Essay Example for Free

Computer Addiction Essay Computer addiction is a mental illness which causes the excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life. Excessive use may explain problems in social interaction, mood, personality, work ethic, relationships, thought processes, or sleep deprivation. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders does not include a diagnosis for such a disease. The term †²computer addiction†² originated long before the Internet. Some people develop bad habits in their computer use that cause them significant problems in their lives. The types of behavior and negative consequences are similar to those of known addictive disorders. Effects Excessive computer use may result in, or occur with: Lack of social interaction. Using the computer for pleasure, gratification, or relief from stress. Feeling irritable and out of control or depressed when not using it. Spending increasing amounts of time and money on hardware, software, magazines, and computer-related activities. Neglecting work, school, or family obligations. Lying about the amount of time spent on computer activities. Risking loss of career goals, educational objectives, and personal relationships. Failing at repeated efforts to control computer use. A cause for many of the above-mentioned effects may be that computer games do not stimulate the release of neurotransmitters responsible for feelings of satisfaction and relaxation, such as oxytocin and endorphin, in the same way that real world activities do. Bibliography Exhaustion most likely cause of death, 2007, Chinese gamer dies after three-day session , vnunet.com, [Online], Available: http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2198850/chinese-man-dies-three-days [2009, April 14]. About online gamers anoymous 2009, , OLG, [Online], Available: http://www.olganon.org/ [2009, April 14]. Block, 2008, Issues for DSM-V: Internet Addiction Available: http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/165/3/306 [2009, April 14]. Chinese suicide shows addiction dangers Online life proves too appealing n.d., , Play.tm, [Online], Available: http://play.tm/news/5928/chinese-suicide-shows-addiction-dangers/ [2009, April 14]. Experts debate internet addiction 2006 , Nov. 14 Available: http://www.physorg.com/news82749930.html [2009, April 14]. How computer addiction works 2009, Available: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-addiction3.htm [2009, April 14]. Orzack, n.d., Computer addiction services Available: http://www.computeraddiction.com/peter.htm [2009, April 14].

Impact of the Cold War On Vietnam Economy

Impact of the Cold War On Vietnam Economy After two protracted wars with the French colonial empire, followed by a thirty year conflict with the US superpower, Vietnam was economically devastated. However, during the following forty years Vietnam has developed a vibrant and progressive economy and gradually achieved recognition as a major economic power within the South East Asian region. Since the unification in 1975, economic growth was identified as the most important factor in the strategic development of Vietnam. However, the first decade following the end of the war with the US was one in which the Cold War had a significant impact upon the Vietnam economy. Vietnam was lead by the Communist party and aligned its political and economic policies to strict socialist principles that mirrored the Soviet model and based decision-making on strict Communist criteria; (i) State or collective ownership of production means; (ii) Government administered supply of physical input and output; (iii) Lack of business autonomy, absence of factor markets, highly regulated goods and services markets; and (iv) A bias toward heavy industry in investments. (Vo Tri Thanh and Nguyen Thu Anh, (2006) Eaber Working Paper series: Paper No.8 Institutional changes for private sector development in Vietnam. p.3) The government policy meant that Vietnam was limited to trade mainly with other Communist countries and the outcome was a dramatic decline in the Vietnam economy and increasing poverty amongst the vast majority of the population. Further conflicts with China in 1979 and Cambodia in 1978 placed Vietnam in a position of further weakness and rather than concentrate on economic recovery, the improvement of labour skills, and agricultural and consumer goods production the Government focused on the building up of heavy industry. This period of Sovietisation brought even further problems for the Vietnam economy and the virtual decade of stagnation only began to end in 1986 with the introduction of Doi Moi.(Bui That Thang, (2001)After the war: 25 years of Economic Development in Vietnam, NIRA Review , p21-22). With consumption regularly greater than national income and numerous periods of famine relieved only by foreign aid, the decade from 1976 to 1986 marked a period of economic collapse i n Vietnam, and was only ended with the introduction of Doi Moi as the point marking when Vietnam switched from the Soviet model to a drive towards a free market economy. The renovation (Doi Moi) in 1986 brought about a dramatic change for post war Vietnam, as described by Thanh and Ha ( social inequality.., chap2 p63) who declare it a real turning point in the history of Vietnams economic development . It was shifted from a centrally planned economy to a new system of a market oriented economy. An important factor to note is that the decision to move towards a free market and thus, politically and ideologically change the basis of the Vietnam economy was made prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Vietnamese Government realised that the Soviet model was failing and that Vietnam faced a major economic crisis, with acute shortages of food, basic consumer goods, and inputs to agriculture and industry, and a growing external debt.(Thanh and Anh, 2006, p.3). It was decided to establish synchronous institutions of a market economy by socialism orientation (Ibid, p.2). The end of Cold War in 1991 followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union was a new challenge to Vietnam. Fortunately, Vietnam was already reforming its political and economic sectors by the time the collapse of the Soviet Union had ended and economic growth, policies to reduce macroeconomic instability and to introduce a multi-ownership structure were already in place. However, the collapse of the Soviet Union still meant that Vietnam faced a new future without the ideologically committed support of a Super Power, isolating Vietnam from much of the international community, a problems exasperated by the continued control of the country by the Communist Party. However, this essay will argue that although the major factor that impacted on many of the Eastern European countries for example, was the decline and fall of Communist administrations, in the case of Vietnam, the Communist Party remained in power, and provided the stability and security that provided the right conditions for imp ressive levels of continuous economic growth that has made Vietnam one of the tiger economies of South East Asia. It will also argue that the political and economic future of Vietnam is dependent on Vietnam remaining one of the most politically and security stable countries in South east Asia, and that stability is borne from the Communist party remaining in control of the country. This contrasts with the former Soviet Union countries who have made their economic futures dependent on the political system rejecting all the tenets of Communism and moving not only from a centrally controlled economy but also rejecting the idea of a one- party system. However, Vietnam has remained true to its political identity as a socialist republic while allowing reforms in politics and economics that has finally brought it recognition as a truly open and free market economy that has recently been rewarded with membership of the World Trade Organisation. The essay will follow the path through this process of reform and demonstrate how the economy has managed to develop to international recognition as one of the fastest growing economies in the World and still remained Communist. The end of the Cold War was universally seen as the end of Communism, and yet, like China, the Vietnam economy has been transformed whilst not drastically reforming the political system, which has remained true to the thoughts of Ho Chi Minh and commiserate with Marxist Leninism. The Communist Party still remains in power in Vietnam and its economic success is likely to re-enforce the belief that it will retain political control over the nation for decades to come. This essay will show how the Communist Party has managed to transform its economy and remain socialist. Prior to 1980s, Vietnam was still a backward agricultural country. In addition, as a socialist country, Vietnams economy was controlled and developed by a centrally planned system modelled on the Soviet Union. The Government played the dominant role in almost all activities and people who worked for government were paid by the system of budget subsidies. And all the trading actions were dominated by large State owned Enterprises that had collectivised almost all areas of economic activity, while private business was virtually non-existent (Pham, 2005,p4). Unfortunately, because of the mismatch between the management and the actual practices of the government, the economy of Vietnam didnt achieve any of their economic targets laid down in subsequent four year plans. The leaders then realised that centrally planned system was not a good structure for Vietnams development and whilst the Soviet Union was dramatically moving towards political collapse for the same reasons, Vietnams Commun ist Party believed that its ideological control over the country through one-party rule would actually have a positive impact on economic reform by providing an environment of stability and security, whilst establish an economy based upon capitalist principles, free markets and an open door set of policies. The Communist Party identified eight major policies of reform that would be used to bring about a complete transition of the economy and these were: Almost complete price liberalization; Large devaluation and unification of the exchange rate; Increases in interest rates to positive levels in real terms; Substantial reduction in subsidies to the SOE sector; Agricultural reforms through replacement of cooperatives by households as the basic decision-making unit in production and security of tenure for farm families; Encouragement of the domestic private sector and foreign direct investment (FDI); Removal of domestic trade barriers and creation of a more open economy. (Thanh and Anh, p.6). The main point here is that these are all significant movements towards policies found in the capitalist West and were only possible in the former Soviet client states such as Poland and East Germany by also moving the political systems towards the Western democracy model. However, the Sixth Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party-1986 believed that reform could follow the basic practical policies of the Western democracies but remain true to Communism by actually increasing state control and management and macro regulation. Communism would allow stability to remain in the political arena and the economic policies would themselves be directed towards maintaining socialist targets. This mix of socialist and capitalist policies to retain some level of equity amongst the general society is one now being discussed by many of the mainland European Union members who now identify a full Communist regime as still unacceptable, but the monetarist free market economy as equally at fault in the wake of the major financial crisis at the end of 2008. However, the main contention is that Vietnam remains a one party system, but there is very little evidence of any deep protest or wish to change this system by the vast majority of the Vietnamese population. Although we are examining here the performance of Vietnam since the Cold War it is thus essential to understand that unlike Russia and the former members of the USSR, Vietnam was able to transform its economy without major political regime change. (Thang, 2001, p.3). in the following paragraphs we look at how this was possible. Up to 1990 the Doi Moi reforms did bring about a number of improvements in the economy. From 1989 onwards, Vietnam was on the way to becoming one of the three main big rice exporters in the world, many state subsidies were disappearing and SOEs were constantly warned to reform and restructure, but not immediately encouraged to denationalize. Over these years the growth rate hovered around the 4.5% mark and the reforms were only slowly impacting upon Vietnams overall economic performance. Doi Moi involved a commitment to dismantling cooperatives and shifting production away from a household economy to the private sector, whilst also restructuring the state-owned sector to be more competitive. However, the real impact of policies changes did not really take effect until post-1990.The outcome was significant development with the GDP growth averaging 8.5% from 1990 to 1997 and averaging 6.5% from 1998 to 2003. Average foreign trade and Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) improved to nearly $18 billion USD by 2007 and agricultural production doubled from 1990 to 2005, while exports reached $49 billion USD per year by 2007. The per capita income rose from $220 USD in 1994 to $832 by 2007 and industrial production went from 27.3% of GDP in 1985 to 41.6% in 2007. Many industries reached impressive rates of growth, such as in the production of oil which went from 40,000 tons in 1986 to 7.6 million tons in 1990 and 12.5 million tons in 1998 (Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Nguyen Thang (2007) For eign Direct Investment in Vietnam: an overview and analysis. MPRA Archive Paper No1921). In the final part of this essay we concentrate on how FDI has been example of how the Communist Party, its policies of reform and the growth of the economy have become interlinked in bringing about a successful basis for even greater levels of development in the future. The levels of development are impressive with a reduction in the inflation rate from a nightmarish 774% in 1986 to a manageable 7.5% in 2006, while also achieving a poverty reduction level of 22% in 2005 from the 58.1% recorded in 1993. By 2007 there were 7067 FDI projects with a capital of $63.5billion US. This dramatic success was as a result of the following factors: Strategic location Stable economic and political environment Large natural mineral resources A young and well-educated workforce The ability to be an export platform for US and EU markets Liberal investment environment and a commitment by the Government to economic reform. In Vietnam it is the changing attitudes of the Communist Party and the Government towards the foreign economic sector as an important step towards economic growth that has significantly assisted the improvement of the economy. Alongside this have been the increasing levels of economic competition from other countries in the region and advances in international commitments helped by a changing political and ideological approach to participating in global economic trade (2006, 180). A significant factor in encouraging this change in attitudes has been the realization that FDI has a vital role to play in the mobilization of capital, technology, organizational and managerial skills (21). The radical change in the Communist Party attitude towards FDI was the institutionalization of FDI as a separate economic sector and recognition that FDI was a vital driving forced towards the overall development of the Vietnam economy (ibid). The improvement in investment in Vietnam has been assisted by a commitment throughout business, government and society to improve the image and identity of Vietnam, not least being in its international participation in political and economic forums. (Pham Thi Huyen 2009 The Nationality Factor in Assessing Hanoi Investment Environment in Business Environment and Policies in Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam) A further example of well the Vietnam economy has developed under the guidance of the Communist Party is the increasing participation of Vietnam in international forums and the successful entry into international forums such as the World Trade Organisation. Viet Nam joined the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1995, and committed to AFTA prior to the Enterprise Law reform period. Viet Nam also joined APEC in 1998.Vietnam has been an official member of WTO since 2007. Before that, there had been an increasingly strong public policy commitment to joining the WTO in recent years, and references were made to the need to reform to join the WTO in the policy debate on private sector development during the 2nd half of the 1990s. The enterprise reforms have been consistent with efforts to join the WTO, and the desire to join WTO has strengthened the hand of those pushing for improvements in the regulatory environment for business during the reform of the Enterprise Law . How ever, it is difficult to assess the extent to which the desire to join the WTO provided impetus for the Enterprise Law reforms Results, Challenges and Prospects, Vietnams Socio-Economic Development: A Social Science Review, No.31, Autumn Doanh, Le Dang, (2002), Foreign Direct Investment in Viet Nam: While it is difficult to identify connections between aspirations to join regional and international bodies and the Enterprise Law reforms, contacts with regional and international bodies have almost certainly helped the reform process. The economic performance of other ASEAN members and China are important benchmarks with which Viet Nams policy makers often compare their own performance. Even prior to joining ASEAN, Vietnamese officials went on study tours to ASEAN member countries to study issues related to improving the enabling environment for business development. A crucial development in the reform of the economy of Vietnam was the new Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) between Viet Nam and the USA, which was signed in December 2001, well after the major Enterprise Law reforms had been implemented. The private sector reforms implemented during the 2nd half of the 1990s almost certainly helped the process of reaching agreement on the BTA. This new agreement marked an important watershed in the relations not only between Vietnam and the US, but also the rest of the world. The signing of the agreement between Vietnam and its former enemy signified a leap forwards in the status of Vietnam and officially marked the end of most political and economic hostilities between the two former enemies. However, its signing was predicated on the absolute commitment of Vietnam to continue economic reform and also suggested that political reform; especially in democratization of Vietnam was almost certainly on the cards for the future (Ibid). Thus, Vietnam is a special case to examine in the study of the impact of the end of the Cold War upon Communist and former Communist states. In the case of Vietnam, not only have they remained under the one party rule of the Communist Party, they have also successfully reformed their economy, with the Communist Government able to provide the right levels of stability and security to continue to develop in the future. Thus, it is also a case of how the ideology of a country and its economic reform are linked, but the case of Vietnam it is an example of a country being ruled consistently under the socialist thought of Ho Chi Minh, maintaining one party rule but was also able to transform an economy from state central control to a free market. It is also known as a peaceful, secure and safe environment in the centre of a South East Asian region. A region that is more often now identified with the increasing problems of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism, such as in Thailand and Malays ia. While economic growth continues, the levels of extreme poverty are continually being lowered and the wealth of the economic success is to some extent spread down the masses through policies based on socialist principles, the one party rule of the Communist Party in Vietnam is likely to continue Ref. Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Nguyen Thang (2007) Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam: an overview and analysis. MPRA Archive Paper No1921) Le Dang, (2002), Results, Challenges and Prospects, Vietnams Socio-Economic Development: A Social Science Review, No.31, Autumn Doanh, Foreign Direct Investment in Viet Nam: Le The Gioi (2004), Moi truong dau tu tai Viet Nam qua goc nhin cua nha dau tu nuoc ngoai, Le The Gioi, Journal of Economics and Forecast, vol 1, 2004. Pham Thi Huyen (2009) The Nationality Factor in Assessing Hanoi Investment Environment in Business Environment and Policies in Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Nguyen Thang (2007) Foreign Direct Investment in Vietnam: an overview and analysis. MPRA Archive Paper No1921 Bui That Thang, (2001)After the war: 25 years of Economic Development in Vietnam, NIRA Review , p21-22). Vo Tri Thanh and Nguyen Thu Anh, (2006) Eaber Working Paper series: Paper No.8 Institutional changes for private sector development in Vietnam.

Ethiopia PESTEL Analysis

Ethiopia PESTEL Analysis Political Context For much of the twenty century, Ethiopia was ruled by highly centralized governments. The current ruling party EPRDF has governed Ethiopias since 1991 . Since taking power of the EPRDF has led an ambitious reform effort to initiate transition by more democratic system of governance and decentralize authority .It has involved devolving powers mandates first by regional Empires then to woredas, district authorities, kebeles authorise and/or village authoised. Although the formal ethiopians state structure has been transfornance from highly centralized system to federal increase decentralized one a no. of challenges remain .National elections in 2005 2010 , and the hugely uncontested local elections in April month of 2008 , illustrated the fragility of the democratics transition Dominance by EPRDF , weakened state by opposition .In May 2010 parliamentary elections resulted in a 99.6 percentage of huge victory for the ruling EPRDF this allies ,reducing the opposition from 174 to only two seats in the 547 lower. January 2009 Ethiopian Parliament passed legislation by regulate civil society organize.. While many CSOs had long argued for new coherent framework. the new law is restrictive in demarcating areas of operations for different types of CSOs (for example receiving more than 10 percent of funding from external sources from many activity areas ) .The government DAG , comprising multilateral donors bilateral donors , agreed that the implementation of the CSO law will be reviewed regularly through their joint High-Level Forum structures. Country Conventional long form : Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conventional short form : Ethiopia local long form: Ityopiya Federalizing Demokrasiyawi Republic local short form: Ityopiya former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa abbreviation: FDRE Government type Federal republic Capital Name: Addisababa geographic coordinates: 902N, 3842E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of we shin ton, DC during Time) Administrative divisions 9 ethnically based states ,( singular kilo) self governing administrations* , Afar, Amara (Amhara), Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela Peoples), Hareri Hizb , Oromia, Sumale Somali, Tigray, Ye Debub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch. Independence Oldest independent country in Africa one of the oldest by world at least 2,000 years ( may be traced it to the Aksumite Kingdom , which was coalesced in the first century B.C.) Constitution Ratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995 Legal system Civil law system International law organization participation Has not submit by ICJ jurisdiction declarare, non-party state to the Ictus Suffrage 18 years of age; universal Executive branch Chief of state : President GIRMA Woldegiorgis ( since 8th October 2001) Head of government : P.M MELES Zenawi (since August 1995) Cabinet: State Council of ministers, ministers selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of Peoples Representatives. Elections: president elected by two department , chambers of Parliament for a six-year term (eligible for a second term) ; election last held on 9 October 2007 (next to be held in October 2013); prime minister designated by the party in power following legislative elections election results : GIRMA Woldegiorgis was elected president : percent of vote by the House of Peoples Representatives 79% Legislative branch Bicameral Parliament consists of House of Federation (or upper chamber responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal-regional issues) (108 seats; members chosen by state assemblies to serve five-year terms) and the House of Peoples Representatives (or lower chamber responsible for passing legislation) (547 seats; members directly elected by popular vote from single-member districts to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 23rd of May 2010 ( next to be held in 2015) election results: percent of vote NA; seats by party EPRDF 499, BGPDP 9, APDO 1, SPDP 24,ANDP 8, GPUDM 3, FORUM 1, HNL 1, independent 1 Judicial branch Federal Supreme Court (the president and vice president of the Federal Supreme Court are recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of Peoples Representatives; for other federal judges ,Prime minister submits to the House of Peoples Representatives for appointment candidates selected by the Federal Judicial Administrat Council) Political parties and leaders Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [Mohammed KEDIR]; All Ethiopian Unity Organization or AEUO [Hailu SHAWEL]; Arena Tigray [GEBRU Asrat]; Argoba Peoples Democratic Organization or APDO [Abdulkader MOHAMMED]; Benishangul Gumuz Peoples Democratic Party or BGPDP [Mulualem BESSE]; Coalition for Unity and Democratic Party or CUDP [AYELE Chamois]; Ethiopian Democratic Party or EDP [MUSHE Semen]; Ethiopian Federal Democratic Forum or FORUM (a UDJ-led 6-party alliance established for the 2010 parliamentary elections) [Dr. Moa FRISSA]; Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi]; Gambella Peoples Unity Democratic Movement or GPUDM; Garage Peoples Democratic Front [GIRMA Boggle]; Harari National League or HNL [YASIN Hussein]; Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM; Oromo Peoples Congress or OPC [IMERERA Gudina]; Somali Democratic Alliance Forces or SODAF [BUH Hussein]; Somali Peoples Democratic Party or SPDP [Abdulfetah Shack ABDULAHI]; South Ethiopian Pe oples Democratic Union or SEPDU [TILAHUN Neodesha]; United Ethiopian Democratic Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros]; Unity for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Dr. NEGASSO Gadara] Political pressure groups and leaders Ethiopian Peoples Patriotic Front or EPPF; Ogden National Liberation Front or ONLF; Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsen] International organization participation ACP, Fad, G-24, AU, FAO, COMESA, Interpol,G-77, IFAD, IAEA, PCA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ICRM, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, UPU, IOC, WFTU, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, WHO, ITU, ITUC, UNISFA, MIGA, UNWTO, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, WCO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Diplomatic representant in the US chief of mission: Ambassador GIRMA Birru chancery: 3506 International Drive Washington ,NW , DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 364-1200 FAX: [1] (202) 587-0195 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles consulate(s): New York Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador E. BOOTH Donald embassy: Entoto Street, Addis Ababa mailing address: P. O. Box no. 1014 , Addis Ababa ,Ethiopia. telephone: [251] 11-517-40-00 FAX: [251] 11-517-40-01 Flag description Three equal horizontal bands of green on top of flag , yellow, and red ,yellow pentagrams single yellow rays emanat from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represent hope the fertilize of the land, yellow , while red stands for sacrifice heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolize peaces pentagram represents the unity equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia. Note: Ethiopia is the oldest independented country in Africa, three main color of her flag ( adopted californias 1895) were often adopted other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag has added in 1996. National anthem Name: Whedefit Gesgeshi Woud Enact Ethiopia ( March Forward ,Respected Mother Ethiopia) lyrics/music: DEREJE Maluku Mengesha/SOLOMON Lulu note: adopted 1992 Group All, APLAA, Sahel Region Africa, Africa President: Girma Woldegiorgis The presidency is a very large ceremonial post , and has been held since 2001 by Girmas Woldegiorgis, veteran parliamentarian and civil aviation official. Presidents serve 6 year terms and are elected by parliament . mister woldegiorgis had re-elected by 2007 . Prime minister: Hailemariam Desalegn After serving as dy. prime minister foreign minister to his veteran predecessor Males Zenawi year 2010, Hailemariam Desalegns was sworn prime minister in September 2012. Relative outsider in the ranks by the governing Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front , Mr. Hailemariam became acting prime minister on the dedte Mr. Meles in August but faced a backroom struggle to gain the approval of the Front leadership before assume by the most powerful post in the country. Mister Hailemariam was work in acadamic regional government while many EPRDF luminaries came to the fore through fighting against by communist government in the 1980. He benefited from a scheme Mr. Meles launched in 2009 he to bring technocrats into central government of state , earned a reputation as a loyal aide to the prime minister. Economic overview of Ethiopia Economic Overview Ethiopia, with a population of about 84 million (2012), is the second-most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa. One of the worlds oldest civilizations ,Ethiopia is also one of the worlds much poor countries .At USdollar 390 , Ethiopias per capita income is much lower than the Sub-Saharan African average of US$ 1,165 in FY 2010 , ranking it as the 6th poorest country in the world ( Atlas Method). After the major drought in 2002/03 that resulted in GDP contract , Ethiopia has been one of the fastest growing economies in African countries . Official statistics indicated that an average real GDP growth of 11 percent over the last six consecutive years . its robust growth performance and considerable development gains came under threat during 2008 and 2011 with the emergence of twin macroeconomic challenges of high inflation and a difficult balance of payments situation .Problem was exacerbated by the high fuel and food prices in the global market. Though Ethiopia made progress in tackling the 2008-2011 macroeconomic challenges . The recent surge of inflation depicts the countrys vulnerable macroeconomic condition .Annual end of period inflation which stood at 16.5 percent in February 2011 , more than twiced reaching 36 percent in February 2012 . Food inflation rate was increased from 13 percent to 47 percent while non food inflation , decreased moderately from 22 percent to 21 percent during the same period .It is unlikely that inflation will rapidly fall towards the GTP goals of single digits within 2012 .Monetary factors played a key role in driving the inflation rate in Ethiopian states .For instance, reserve money used by the National Bank as monetary policy anchor grew by 51 percent in February 2011 . It was very large due to the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves without any offsetting mechanism and increased borrowing by public enterprises for infrastructure investment which in effect contributed to the increase in money supply. In an effort by control inflation rising cost of living , Government has been take various measure including imposed tight cash controls on government expenditure, temporarily introducing price caps (which were subsequently lifted ) on selected goods increase the salary of civil servants by 35 to around 39 percent. In early January 2012, the National Bank of Ethiopia lowered reserve requirement after the banking sector faced severe liquidity problem . This also lowered the minimum reserve ratio of deposit from 15 percent to ten percent , at the same time the amount of liquid assets as a proportion of deposits was also reduced from 25 percent to twenty percent . This measure was not accompanied by the appropriate sterilization mechanism and contributed to a sharp increase in money supply from 32 percent in December 2011 to 35 percent at the end of January 2012. While Ethiopias economy is expected by continue grow at a healthy pace macro situation will remain under stress in the foreseeable future Ethiopias economy is based on agriculture which accounts for 85% of total employment and41% of GDP. Coffee remains a major export crop for Ethiopia .The agricultural sector suffers of poor cultivation practices frequent drought.But recents joint effort by the Government of Ethiopia donors have strengthed Ethiopia agricultural resilience , contributing for a reduction in the number of Ethiopians threatened with starvation . 5 year Growth and Transformation Plan that Ethiopia unveiled in October 2010 presents a government-led effort to achieve the ambitious development goals of Country .The banking, insurance, and micro-credit industries are restricted to domestic investors but Ethiopia has attracted significant foreign investment in commercial agriculture , textiles, leather and manufacturing products . Under Ethiopias constitution ,State owns all land and provides longterm leases to the tenants ; land use certificates are now being issued in some areas so that tenants have more rec ognizable rights to continued occupancy and hence make more concerted efforts to improve their leaseholds .While GDP growth has remained very high , per capita income of Ethiopia is among the lowest in the world. GDP (purchasing power parity) $94.76billion (2011est.) $88.13billion (2010est.) $81.6billion (2009est.) note: data are in 2011 US dollars GDP (official exchange rate) $30.5 billion (2011 EST.) GDP Real growth rate 7.5 %( 2011est.) 8 %( 2010est.) GDP per capita (PPP) $1,100(2011est.) $1,000(2010est.) Note: data are in 2011 US dollars GDP composition by sector Agriculture: 41% industry: 13% services: 46% (2011 EST.) Population below poverty line 29.2% (FY09/10 EST.) Labor force 37.9 million (2007) Labor force by occupation Agriculture: 85% indu1111stry: 5% services: 10% (2009 EST.) Unemployment rate NA% Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 Total: 24.9% male: 19.5% female: 29.4% (2006) Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 25.6% (2005) Distribution of family income- Gina index 30(2000) 40 (1995) Investment (gross fixed) 22.9% of GDP (2011 EST.) Budget Revenues: $5.355billion expenditures: $5.988 billion (2011 EST.) Taxes and other revenues 15.2% of GDP (2011 EST.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) -2% of GDP (2011 EST.) Public Debt 42.3%ofGDP(2011est.) 48.3%ofGDP(2010est.) Note: official data cover central government debit , including debt instruments issued/owned by government entities other than the treasury and treasury debit owned by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by sub national entities , as well as intergovernmental debt. debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions Inflation rate (consumer prices) 33.2 %( 2011est.) 8.1% (2010 EST.) Central bank discount rate NA% Commercial bank prime lending rate 15 %( 31December2011est.) 14.5% (31 December 2010 EST.) Stock of money $4.93billion (31December2008) $4.229 billion (31 December 2007) Agriculture products Cereals, sheep, pulses, fish coffee, oilseed, hides, cotton, sugarcane, cattle, potatoes, kyat, cut flowers,goats; Industries Food processing, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, beverages, leather,cement. Industrial production growth rate 9.5% (2010 EST.) Electricity production 3.715 billion KWh (2008 EST.) Electricity consumption 3.357 billion kWh (2008 est.) Oil production 0 bbl/day (2010 est.) Natural gas production 0 cup m (2009 est.) Exports $2.75 billion (2011 est.) $2 billion (2010 est.) Imports $8.25 billion (2011 est.) $8.46 billion (2010 est.) Exchange rates Birr (ETB) per US dollar 17.2 (2011 est.) 14.41 (2010 est.) 11.78 (2009) 9.57 (2008) 8.96 (2007) Fiscal year 8 July 7 July Socio culture overview of Ethiopia Religion Ethiopia is declared as a multi-religious country . Most of the Christians live in the highlands , as well as the Muslims mainly inhabit(live on) the lowlands .Adherents of traditional faiths are primarily concentrated in the southern regions. Ethiopian Orthodox 43.5%, Protestant 18.6% (which include Ethiopian Orthodox Tirades Church and the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yeses), Muslim 20.5%, traditional (2.6%)Catholic 10.3%, all others 0.6%.[1] Small Ethiopian Jewish community, although most have migrated to Israel. Languages There are 90 individual languages of Ethiopia according to Ethnologue , with the 1994 Ethiopian census indicating that some 77 tongues were spoken locally in Ethiopia .Many of these languages belong to the Afro-Asiatic family (Semitic and Cushitic). Osmotic languages are also spoken here,Additionally, Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by the nations Niloticethnic minorities. Amharic 32.7 % as a 1st Ethiopian language, Oromigna 31.6%, Tigrinya 6.1%, Somali 6.0%, Sidamo 3.5%, Guragigna 3.5%, other local languages; English (major foreign language taught in schools), Arabic. Amharic is the official national language . Amharic was also the language of primary school instruction , but was replaced in many areas by local languages such as Tigrinya and Oromifa . English is the most widely spoken foreign language and is taught in all secondary schools. Age structure 0-14 years: 46.3% (male 20,990,369 or female 21,067,961) 15-64 years: 51% (male 22,707,235 and female 23,682,385) 65 years and over: 2.7% (female 1,388,301 / male 1,037,488) (2011 EST.) Population growth rate 3.179% (2011 EST.) Birth rate 42.59 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) Death rate 10.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) Net migration rate -0.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population Note: repatriation of Ethiopian refugees residing in Sudan is expected to continue for several years; some Somali, Sudanese and Eritrean refugees , who fled to Ethiopia from the famine or fighting in their own countries , continue to return to their homes . Urbanization Urban population: 17% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 3.8% annual rate of change (2010-15 EST.) Major cities population ADDIS ABABA (capital) 2.863 million (2009) Sex ratio At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2011 EST.) Infant mortality rate Total: 75.29 deaths/1,000 live births male: 86.03 deaths/1,000 live births female: 64.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 EST.) Life expectancy at birth Total population: 56.56 years male: 53.99 years female: 59.21 years (2011 EST.) Total fertility rate 5.97 children born/woman (2011 EST.) Major Infectious Diseases Degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoa diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vector borne diseases: malaria respiratory disease : Meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies water contact disease : Schistosomiasis Nationality Noun: Ethiopian(s) adjective: Ethiopian Literacy Definition: age 15 or above can read and write total population: 42.7% male: 50.3% Maternal mortality rate 470 deaths/100,000 live births (2008) Age: 35.1% (2003 EST. Legal overview of Ethiopia WORKING CONDITIONS OF WOMEN Section 87. General. (1) Women shall not be discriminated against as regards payment and employment on the basis of their sex. (2) It is prohibited to employ women or female on types of work that may be listed by the Minister as particularly arduous or harmful to their health. (3) No pregnant women shall be assigned to eork in night between time limit 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. or be employed on overtime work. Section 88. Maternity leave. (1) An employer shall grant time off to a pregnant women worker without deducting her wages , for medical examination connected with her pregnancy, provided ,She is obliged to present a medical certificate of her examination WORKING CONDITIONS OF YOUNG WORKERS Section 89. General. (1) For the purpose of this Proclamation , young worker means a person who has attained the age of fourteen but is not over the age of 18 years. (2) It is prohibited to employ persons under fourteen years of age. (3) It is prohibited to employ young workers which are on account of its nature or due to the condition in which it is carried out, endanger the life or health of the young workers performing it. Section 90 . Limits of hours of work . Regular hours of work for young workers shall not exceed seven hours a day. Section 91. Night and overtime work : It is prohibited to employ young workers on: 1.night work between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.; 2.overtime work; or 3. weekly rest days; or 4.public holidays LABOUR COURTS Section 137. Establishment of labor divisions. (1) There shall be set up labor divisions, as may be necessary, at each regional first instance court , each regional court which hears appeals from regional first instance courts and at the Central High Court . (2) The Minister shall submit the no. of labor divisions to be established in accordance with subsection (1) of this section to be determined by the appropriate authority. Section 138. Labor division of the regional first instance court. (1) The labor division of the regional first instance court shall have jurisdiction to settle and determine the following and other similar individual labor disputes: (a)disciplinary measures including dismissal; (b) Claims related to the cancellation or termination of employment contracts; (c) Questions related to hours of work,leave remuneration and rest day; (d)questions about the issuance of certificate of employment; (e) Claims related to employment injury. (F) Unless provided for in this Proclamation , any petty and criminal offences under this Proclamation. CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT Division 1. Formation of contract Section 4. Elements of a contract . (1) A contract of employment shall be deemed formed where a person agrees indirectly or directly , to perform work for and under the authority of an employer for a definite or indefinite period or piece work in return for remuneration. Section 5. Form. Unless otherwise provided by law , Contract of employment shall not be subject to any special form. Section 6. A written contract of employment ,Subject to the provisions of the relevant law , a written contract of employment shall specify the following: (1) The name ,address and contact details of the employer; (2) The name, age, address and work card number. if any of the worker; (3) The agreement of the contracting parties made in accordance with section 4(3) of this Proclamation; and (4) The signature of the contracting parties. Section 7. Contract of employment not made in writing .(1) Contract of employment is not made in written form , they shall, within fifteen days from the conclusion of the contract , give the worker a signed and written statement containing the requirements specified under section 6 of this Proclamation Section 10. Contract for definite period or piece Duration of contract of employment Section 9. Contract for an indefinite period . Any employment contract shall be deemed to have been concluded for an indefinite period except for those provided for under section 10 hereunder. work. A contract of employment may be concluded for a definite period or for piece work in the case of: (1) The performance of specified piece work. (2) The replacement of a worker who is not temporarily present due to leave or sickness or other causes; (3) The work performance in the event of abnormal pressure of work; (4) The performance of urgent work to prevent damage or disaster to life or property , to repair breakdowns or defects in works, materials, plant or building of the undertaking. (5) Irregular work, It relates to a permanent part of the works of an employer but is performed at irregular intervals; (6)seasonal work which relates to the permanent part of the works of an employment but is performed only for a specified period of the year which is regularly repeated in the course of a number of years; (7) Occasional work It doesnt form part of the permanent activity of the employer but which is done intermittently. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS Section 23. General. (1) A contract of employment shall only be terminated upon initiation by the employer or worker and in accordance with the provisions of the law or a collective agreement or by the agreement of the two parties. (2) The amalgamation or division/transfer of ownership of an undertaking shall not have the effect of terminating a contract of employment. Division 1. Termination of contract of employment by law or by agreement Section 24. Termination by law. A contract of employment shall terminate on the following grounds: (1) As on expiry of the period or on the completion of the work where the contract of employment is for a definite period or piece work; (2) Upon the death of the worker; (3) On the retirement of the worker in accordance with the relevant law; (4) When the undertaking ceases operation permanently or due to bankruptcy or for any other cause; (5) When the worker is not able to work due to partial or permanent incapacity. Section 25. Termination by agreement. (1) The parties have rights to terminate their contract of employment by agreement, provided however that waiver by the worker of any of his rights under the law shall have no legal effect. (2) Agreement termination shall be effective and bin. DETERMINATION OF WAGES Section 53. General. (1) Wages means the regular payment to which the worker is entitled in return for the performance of the work that he performs under a contract of employment. (2) For the purposes of the following payments shall not be considered as wages: (a) Overtime pay; (b) Amount received by way of transfer expenses , per diems , transport allowance, hardship allowances, and similar allowance payable to the worker on the occasion of travel or change of his residence; (c) Bonus; (D) Commission; (E) Other incentives paid for additional work results. (f) Service charge received by customers. Section 54. Conditions of payment for idle time ( 1) Unless otherwise provided for in this Proclamation or the relevant law , salaries shall be paid only for work done. (2) Notwithstanding subsection (1 )Section, a worker shall be entitled to his wage if he was ready to work but, because of interruptions in supply of tools and raw materials or for reasons not attributable to him was not able to work ding on the worker only where it is made in writing. 5.7 MODE AND EXECUTION OF PAYMENT Section 55. General. Wages shall be paid in cash , provided that where the worker and employer so agree, it may be paid in kind . Wages paid in kind may not exceed the market value in the area of the payment in kind and in no case may then exceed 30 per cent of the wages paid in cash. Section 56. Execution of payments : 1) Unless otherwise agreed, wages shall be paid at the place of work and on working day. (2) In case the payment mentioned in subsection (1) of this falls on Sunday or a public holiday, the day of payment shall fall on the preceding working day. Section 57. Payment in person. Unless otherwise provided by collective agreement or law, wages shall be paid directly to the worker or to a person delegated by him. Section 58. Time of payment. Wages shall be paid at such intervals as are provided for by law or collective agreement or work rules or contract of employment. Section 59. Deduction from wages,1) The employer shall not deduct from , attach/set off the wages of the worker except where it is provided otherwise by law or collective agreement or work rules or in accordance with a court order or a written agreement of the worker. PREVENTIVE MEASURES Section 92. Obligations of an employer( An employer shall take the necessary measures) to safeguard adequately the health and safety of the workers; he shall in particular: 1. Comply with the occupational health and safety requirements provided for in this Proclamation; 2.Take appropriate steps to ensure that workers are properly instructed and notified concerning the hazards of their respective occupations and the precautions necessary to avoid accident and injury to health; ensure that directives are given and also assign safety officer; 3. Provide workers with personal protective equipment , materials and clothing and instruct them of their use; 4. Register employment accident and occupational diseases and notify the labor inspection of same; 5.arrange, according to the nature of the work , at his own expenses for the medical examination of newly recruited workers and for those workers engaged in hazardous work. 6. Ensure that the workplace and premises do not cause danger to the health and safety of the workers; 7.take appropriate pre-executions to ensure that all the processes of work s

Computers and Society :: Technology Essays

Computers and Society More often than not in today’s world you will tend to use computers. Directly or indirectly they have been increasing their influence on our lives from their invention in the 50’s, until the current state of their presence in every aspect of our lives. What before was done on paper, today is done on the same paper, a computer, a copy, and a form to input the data into the computer. The paperless revolution has turned sour. The very purpose of the computer as a business machine -- to reduce clutter, to organize data better and faster, and mostly to reduce the paperwork, has been abandoned for a system dictated to us by the needs of our computers. This is only one way that computers are being misused in our society. Think for example of the regular answer you would get if you call up any beuracratic agency, such as a bank or a government agency, with any problem. The first response would probably involve something like: â€Å"Our computer doesn’t show that record†, or â€Å"The computer doesn’t say you did so and so.† That is also probably as far as you will get to solving that problem. The computer is the perfect cover-up for the clerk on the other end of the phone line. If the computer says so, how can anyone argue? The computer shows no record of such and such a paper, and therefore it must not exist, and that is the end. The clerk need not involve himself in though as to why the record is not in the computer, or how did it get out of the computer, but what the almighty computer tells him is certainly enough. There is not a thing in our lives anymore that is not governed by computers. The computer handles our paperwork, calculates our salaries, grades, our car’s mileage. It is almighty, all-powerful, and definitely not to be argued with. What we do forget in this line of though is that computers and all the information therein is produced and entered by humans, is subject to human mistakes and errors. We do not see it that way. For example, the phrase â€Å"the computer made a mistake,† is commonly used, although everyone knows that computers cannot make mistakes, and the mistake was made by a human. But we believe that the computer is a separate entity, and thus we could say something like â€Å"the computer made a mistake.

Essay --

Myofascial Release (MFR) is defined as a hands-on soft tissue stretching technique that involves manipulating the muscles and the fascial covering.1 MFR is performed by a trained professional who applies a gentle yet progressive stretch where-by the amount of time for which the technique is applied, the direction in which the stretch is applied, and the force with which it is applied are all dependent upon the patient’s physical response to the treatment.2,3 Ultimately, it is what the therapist feels, the end-feel, that guides the treatment through a series of stretches and manipulations attempting to reach maximum relaxation of tight tissues.2 Due to muscles and fascia being interconnected throughout the entire body, MFR is thought to be a whole body treatment.2 This theory explains why, often times, a therapist might treat an unaffected area and provide relief in the area of the patient’s complaint.2 Furthermore, this also explains why a treatment session to one area may cause symptoms to surface in an unrelated area.2 For these reasons, it is very important for therapists to set appropriate expectations regarding the treatment and the effects thereof.2 Patient response is very individualized.2 Thus, â€Å"MFR is performed with a patient, not to a patient.†2 Myofascial release requires active participation of the patient; however, not by actively contracting muscles nor by performing certain movements.2 The active participation is defined, more appropriately, as the patient being the leader by focusing on the sensations from his/her body while lying still on the table and allowing his/her body to lead the therapist’s therapy session.2 The patient must not inhibit movement, allowing his/her body to move freely.2 Only the... ...search on this topic, three of the four members of the group had a very open-minded approach to therapy believing that holistic care has a definite place in patient care. One member of the group; however, had very little experience and very little exposure to holistic treatments. After completing the research on this topic, the group shared a common belief that myofascial release and it underlying techniques make sense clinically and; therefore, the four members of this group will have no problem â€Å"selling† MFR and its benefits to a potential patient. Because of this research and learning experience, all four members gained a stronger understanding of the mind-body connection and; thus, feel even more confidence in finding a place for holistic treatments, such as myofascial release to treat the overall well being of the patient including the mind, body and spirit.

Catholic belief

The story is about the journey of a little boy, Antonio Marez, to manhood as he tries building his person while trying to make sense of the world that he lives in and the people around him. While he was growing up, Antonio, as well as his family, has been learning a lot of life lessons from Ultima. Ultima was known for her supernatural healing powers, magic and wisdom. She has been staying with the Marez family since Antonio was still a little boy. Throughout the story, Ultima has tried to inculcate the lesson of self-sufficiency and independence with regards choices in what to beliefs and morals.Growing up, for Antonio, with his mother and father had been difficult in terms of making decisions and foretelling what the future offers for him. Torn between the choice of being a cowboy or a priest, Antonio often wondered what was in store for him in the future. Antonio’s mother, Maria, who was a devout catholic, wanted Antonio to become a priest. While his father, Gabriel, wanted him to be a cowboy who wanders through the desserts, just as he was when he was still younger. This often led him to wonder what he would grow up to become.As Antonio was growing up, his thoughts were bombarded with several questions about morality, wickedness, and sins that trouble the world. He had several experiences regarding the Catholic ways, his friend’s debunking of the Catholic belief, and the supernatural as he saw in Ultima’s healing powers and other events as such. At one point, Antonio spoke, â€Å"God! Why did Lupito die? Why do you allow the evil of the Trementinas? Why did you allow Narciso to be murdered when he was doing good? . . . A thousand questions pushed through my mind, but the Voice within me did not answer.† These questions he asked during his first communion, and these were the same questions that have been bothering him all along. Through all these confusion, Ultima could only teach him one lesson, and that is his control over his d estiny. Regardless of culture, beliefs and morals of the family, religion, etc. who he is, should be what he wants to become. Ultima shows Antonio and his family that there are no limits or boundaries to a person. What’s more important is how good a person one becomes despite all conflicting encounters or experiences.Ultima always told him to take everything that he has learned, whether it be from the Virgin Mary, the Golden Carp, or the magic of supernatural healing, and make a new and better person out of it. He thought, ‘Take the llano and the river valley, the moon and the sea, God and the golden carp-and make something new,' I said to myself† (Anaya, 247) Antonio has really learned his lesson, as he said, â€Å"I had been afraid of the awful presence of the river, which was the soul of the river, but through her I learned that my spirit shared in the spirit of all things† (Anaya, 15)Antonio remembers everything that Ultima has said to him, and eventual ly these things have shaped him into a morally independent person, capable of making decisions and believing in things on his own. He remembers what Ultima has said to him, â€Å"There are so many dreams to be fulfilled, but Ultima says a man's destiny must unfold itself like a flower, with only the sun and the earth and water making it blossom, and no one else meddling in it-† (Anaya, 223)

Mid Term

Mid Term Essay exam arm I Literature by 1700 In both(prenominal)(prenominal) the melodic phrase Contemplations by Anne Bradstreet and William Bradfords Of Plym turn uph Plantation, character is a main subject. both poems are interested in spirits g everywherenment agency in heaps (e extral(a)y Christians) lives, whether it be negative or positive. The question that comes to mind is genius a chaotic wilderness, the physical recite of Satans meddling, or is it the marvelous standards of the works of God? Bradford gestated genuinely firmly that is the former. The traditional Puritan gather in of nature (which the Separatists shared as vigorous) was truly negative.Bradford did non trance nature by dint of a romantic lens, however earlier he sawing machine it as evidence of Satan at work in the macrocosm. He believed that as Satan would fertilise errours, heresies and delight inful dissensions amongst the professors themselves, he was in feature the creator of admiration and disorder in the natural world. Bradford saw America as a forbidden waste overthrow, a top reflection of the spiritual chaos. In the poem Of Plym prohibitedh Planation, he wrote that the Pilgrims, after reaching the immature-sprung(prenominal) World, found a hideous and ware wilderness, full of wild beasts and wild men. Bradford compared the comer of the Pilgrims in the hot World to Moses and the Israelites, nevertheless America, in being untamed, was non the p leadge Land they had pictured. quite it was a typeset of chaos and danger, full of woods and thickets, representing a wild and savage hue. In Bradfords mind, this new let down became the wilderness the Israelites wandered in for twoscore years, provided un standardized Moses, the Pilgrims had no consolation, and neither could they, as it were, view this as a to a groovyer extent goodly country.According to Bradford, this made nature a kind of spiritual trial run at best, and a very antagonis tic and demon like land. From Bradfords point of view nature was a f anyen world. The need of order and stability was both threaten and representative of the contamination of sin to all Creation. The civil parts of the world where nature had been conquered and tamed, paved over into cities or manicured gardens was the ideal. This is because both the Puritans and Pilgrims saw order as reflective of motive and a spiritual under stand up. The Puritans had a big(p) megabyteght to image and understand.Even though both Bradford and Bradstreet weighed at nature and saw something else beyond it, the spiritual world in her poem Contemplations, Bradstreet saw nature as being a pale reflection. Instead of nature being evidence of Satans armorial bearing in a fallen world, it is an character of the power and eminence of the God who bring into beingd it. It is hotshot(a) of the few fashions that humans dope catch a glimpse of the Creators omnipotence. Nature, from Bradstreets vie w, is a beautiful, impressive, and objet dart it remained a part of a larger, spiritual picture, it is a positive bit and representative of God.Bradstreet devoted much of Contemplations to natures cognisance of aesthetic properties. She begins the poem by describing the trees in autumn, describing them as having an air of humble majesty, Their leaves and fruits dependmed painted, but was true of green, of red, of yellow mixed hue. She appreciate the sunlight as it had control over night and day as well as the seasons. She too sees nature that praises God. She referred to grasshoppers and crickets, describing their manifestly harmonized song as they unploughed one tune and played on the same string. Bradstreet makes it very fix that evening though nature is beautiful, it pukenot compare to the glories of God. She illustrated this with the languish flavour of the oak tree, asking hath cardinal winters past since thou was born? / Or thousand since though breakest thy s hell of horn? forward continuing to say that those numerous years mean nothing in the face of eternity. She continued to point this step to the fore later by describing the continual re-birth of the world as the seasons come and go, how the earth (though archaic) button up clad in green/ brutish of clock/Nor age nor wrinkle re seen, whereas man lives for little to a greater extent than a moment (and during that time suffers and grows old) in equivalence to the ancientness of the earth. Bradstreet, in comparison to Bradford, see nature as not only evidence of Gods rejoice rather than that the confusion and disorder of Satan and also she sees of it just intimately as a living entity that is fitted of praising and worshiping its creator as well. To her, nature is not a trial to be overcome and conquered, but rather an example of a learning tool that not only brings pleasure to the brains, but the reason as well.I pretend Anne Bradstreet was more legal in how you used her poem Contemplations in describing nature. In the third stanza she talks virtually her eye catching sight of the awful Oak and addressing the tree she asks How long since thou wast in thine infancy? The answer energy be a hundred or even a thousand years. In stanzas 4-7 she talks about(predicate) the sun and declares that the sun is an amazing entity. The more I looked, the more I grew amazed, And softly s aid What glorys like to thee? I think her amazement led her to understand how some civilizations considered the sun a god reek of this world, this universes eye, No wonder some made thee a deity. In stanzas 8-10 she looks at the sky and thinks about what song she could sing to offer glory to her maker, but feels dumbfounded at the prospect of adding glory to such a powerful spirit. In stanza 9, she hears the crickets and grasshoppers singing and writes Whilst I, s mute, can carol forth no higher lays? In stanzas 21-33 she recalls sitting by the river and being reminde d that the river is distinct for and ever traveling toward the ocean.In stanzas 20-26 she thinks about the creatures of the sea, and how they look and how they fulfill their own destiny. http//www. associatedcontent. com/topic36271/anne-b. html Section II Literature 1700 with 1820 social function 1 But the old beliefs did not die easily, and as early as the 1730s conservative reaction against the worldview of the new attainment and psychology followed as some in specializeectuals, aware(predicate) of the new though but objective on maintaining the final truth of revealed religion, resisted the apparitional implications of Enlightenment principles (154).The big awakening was a watershed event in the heart of the American hoi polloi and before it was over, it had sweep the colonies of the Eastern seaboard, transforming the social and religious purport of land. The Great alter was actually some(prenominal) revival meetings in a variety of locations. neither the Anglicans or Puritans were terribly successful in putting down roots. The problem was the colonised parish system of England was difficult to transplant. Unlike communities of the old world, the small farms and plantations of the new spread out into the wilderness, making both communication and ecclesiastical discip store difficult.the great unwashed very much lived a great distances from a parish church, membership and participation suffered. Because the several(prenominal) depended on himself for survival, authoritarian structure of any kind, either by government or ecclesiastical, was met with resistance. As a result, by the cooperate and third generations, the vast mass of the race was outside the membership of the church. unitary individual who was one of the principle figures in the Great wake was Jonathan Edwards. Edwards had received a crowing press for his Sinners in the Hands of an angered God. In this sermon he pointed out that any moment, our hold on life could break and wed be plunged into fires of eternal and logically. People listened to Edwards because he spoke about what people were interested in. The Puritans were growing deeply touch on by what they perceived to be a striking decline in piety. The spring chicken of the second and third generation had familial the Puritan theocracy, but had begun to forget it, and the old generation was gravely concerned about this development. They had come to this country to found a biblical harshwealth, but their vision did not seem to be shared by communitys youth. Another problem weighing on Puritan consciences for a long time was election. The question that was raised why should anyone vaticinate? The decision had been made before the psychiatric hospital of the world according to Calvinist orthodoxy. If sermon were only when for the edification of the Saints, then it was like preaching to the choir, in that you were preaching to the already converted. As a result, worship attention had de clined.By surprise there was a great outpouring of response to the preaching of Edwards. This exertion surprised people because it produced something that wasnt expected people professing conversion. What Edwards said in these sermons was Calvinism. You cant control salvation. Puritans perceive him say, if you try. God will aid your salvation. Edwards talked about Pressing into the Kingdom. It was, he said, not a thing impossible. By this Edwards referred to Gods power to save whomever he pleases. The Puritans heard it as there was a jeopardize they could achieve election.Another figure in the waking up was George Whitefield. He offered a new choice to the prevailing view of how one gains citizenship in the Kingdom of God. According to Whitefield the key sort of ones election was whether one had an emotional draw of conversion. This represented a reaction to the Enlightenment. In essence Whitefield had reduced Christianity to its lowest common denominator, those sinners w ho love Jesus will go to heaven. Denominational distinctives had been downplayed and this study was picked by Samuel Davies, one of the leaders of the modify in Virginia.Whitefield in general preached in terms of everyday experience. Whitefield attacked schematic ministers for leading their flocks into Hell by not demanding an experience salvation of people, a theme that would be picked up by gigabit Tennant who preached on the dangers of an unconverted ministry. As a result, the payed clergy attacked Whitefield and the unchecked enthusiasm of the revivals. One of the leaders in this counterattack was Charles Chauney who led the attack from the pulpit of First Christ, Boston. Chauney claimed anyone can chip in a good sermon.As a result, established preachers could not compete with these gipsy evangelists, and their preaching threatened to undermine obedience of parishioners. They tended to view these evangelists as ignorant and filed with zeal. Others had carried the revival to extremes like James Davenport who burned retains, and claimed to be able to distinguish the elect from the damned. The come up opposition to the Awakening had a major impact on the direction of American Christianity. The old Puritan synthesis of passing and heartof a religion that appealed to both mind and spiritbroke by.The revivalists had moved in the direction of a greater rationalism in theology. The Awakening began in the North and tended to be an urban phenomenon where highly emotional preaching appeared in Puritan churches. The compromises of the Half-way covenant had been swept aside, and the touch sensation of the church as a bole of saints, was reclaimed. The standards of membership had been increased, and yet, membership still rose. In the South, the Great Awakening was more on the landmark phenomenon than was the case in the midway Colonies or New England.In the areas that were nominally Anglican (the tidewater) it had very little impact. This was because the residents of the tidewater had just plenteous religion to inoculate them from catching the real number thing, and the authorities were let on able to do the established church. This was not the case in the piedmont and mountains of Virginia and North Carolina, as the revival had a wide open field. The main reason was the population had very few ties to the Anglican establishment. One of the main leaders of the Awakening in the South was Samuel Davies. The revival in Hanover began when Samuel Morris began to read sermons ofWhitefield and Luther to his neighbors. As a result, conversions were numerous, and special reading houses were built. When Davies arrived the Awakening surged and fought for the legal toleration of dissenters. Another leader in the Awakening was Shubal Stearns who brought the Separate Baptist movement to this region. The Wesleyans had gained a ground in the South mainly through the preaching of an Anglican clergyman with Methodist sympathies of Devereux Jar ratt. Both the Methodists and Baptists had an advantage over the Presbyterians and surpassed them in numbers.The main reason was the Presbyterians insisted on an improve ministry and ordered worship. As a result, the Methodists and Baptists were better able to address the needs of frontier communities with lay preachers who could go where there was need, and who could be quickly deployed without waiting for them to complete their education. The Methodists and Baptists were also more open to the emotional and sore nature of worship in the revivals, while Presbyterians were uncomfortable with what they viewed to be the excesses of the revivals.Some of the results of the Great Awakening to unify 4/5ths of Americans in a common understanding of the Christian trustingness and life, dissent and dissenters make loveed greater respect than ever before, education was important, a greater sense of responsibility for Indians and Slaves from the revival of George Whitefield, and it served t o revive a sense of religious mission. http//www. wfu. edu/-matthetl/perspectives/four. html endemic Americans endemic Americans The Seneca orator known as reddish pate (1757? 1830), for the red crownwork the British awarded him for his services as a message runner during the Revolutionary War. red Jacket whitethorn have had legion(predicate) an(prenominal) names, although the only one we know is Sagoyewatha, which subject matter he keeps the awake. afterwards the War of 1812, he was involved in successful negotiations with the Americans to defend Seneca lands in western New York. Among many another(prenominal) of his orations, his most famous idiom was the resolve he gave to the missionary Jacob Cram in 1805. Cram had been sent from Massachusetts to establish a mission station among the Senecas. He invited them to assemble at overawe Creek, New York.Through an interpreter, his address developed the assertion that, in Crams quarrel, There is but one religion, and but one way to serve God, and it you do not handle the right way, you cannot be happy hereafter. After appropriate consultation with others of the Seneca delegation, reddened Jacket delivered the speech outlining what has been called a separatist position-quite simply, the arbitrariness that while the ways of white Christians may be fine for them, they are not necessarily equally fine for non-white autochthonal peoples who have their own religious beliefs.Present at florid Jackets speech was Erastus Granger, postmaster and Indian agent at Buffalo Creek and cousin to Gideon Granger, Thomas Jeffersons postmaster. His immediate subordinate was Joseph Parish, who probably served as a translator, as he had through on other occasions. Whoever transcribed the description of Red Jackets speech, it short appeared in print, in the April 1809 issue of the periodical Anthology, And was reprinted many times throughout the 19th century. In Red Jackets Speech to the U. S.Senate, he made val idated points that were tragically true regarding the treatment of inherent Americans by the Europeans. Through his words he is never belligerent or accusative instead he maintains a peaceful, courteous tone. Red Jacket is a fantabulous orator with a strong sense for power of words. The reader is aware of the emotions and beliefs of the autochthonal Americans. Red Jacket spoke to the Senate with a purpose, and by the end of his speech it is clear that he was successful. At the beginning of the speech, Red Jacket addresses his audience as Friends and chum and repeated continually throughout the speech.I think Red Jacket is trying to create a peaceful atmosphere where his words will be heard. He intercommunicate the Senate that while they spoke, the autochthonous Indians listened and requests the same respect in return. As the speech progresses, Red Jacket begins to make good points about the rude and greedy behavior that many of the white settlers relationships with the Native Indians. In the beginning, the Native Americans took pity on their new visitors, providing them with food, welcome them, and treating them as friends.Over time, the number of settlers began to increase, as did the arrive of land they seized from the Indians. In the speech Red Jacket says, They wanted more land they wanted our country. When I read this line you can imagine him uttering this line in a powerful but fair manner. Red Jacket was not there to concede defeat he was standing up for his people. Even though the settlers had acquired the majority of the Native Americans land, they are still not happy, and this is way Red Jacket came before the Senate.The settlers craved more, desired to convert the Native Americans to Christians. In the eyes of the Europeans, If you do not embrace Christianity, you will not be happy. This to me sounds strange because many of the settlers who fled to the New World, arrived with the rely of enjoying their religion, and not being persecuted fo r practicing what they believe. Yet, after their arrival, they began to campaign their religion upon the Native Americans, informing them that what they believe is wrong. To me, this sounds like hypocritical behavior on behalf of the settlers.They came to the New World with the intention of freely practicing their religion, and now they are the ones forcing their religion on others. Continuing his speech, Red Jacket discusses more interesting information. One of the points I witness fascinating, is when he questions if the religion of the settlers was meant for the Native Americans, why were they not given a book to study from as well. He continues by mentioning that all he knows of this religion is what the settlers tell him, How shall we know when to believe, being so often deceived by the white people? In concluding his argument, he poses another question, since all Christians read from the same book, why do they not all agree? He even mentions that the Native Americans also ha ve a religion but they never feud about who is right or wrong. His final plea to the Senate is, We do not wish to destroy your religion or take it from you. We only want to enjoy our own. He is not demanding the settlers to return the land they wrongly claimed as their own, he is simply asking that they allow the Native Americans to shape the religion of their forefathers in peace.